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<html><body>C&acirc;u h&#7887;i n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7873; ra trong th&#7901;i k&igrave; kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng c&#7911;a b&atilde;o Covid19. Nh&#7855;c t&#7899;i d&#7883;ch b&#7879;nh, l&agrave; nh&#7855;c t&#7899;i virus, m&#7897;t &ldquo;k&#7867; gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i&rdquo; &ldquo;kh&ocirc;ng &acirc;m th&#7847;m&rdquo;. L&iacute; do c&aacute;ch g&#7885;i tr&ecirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7875; trong ngo&#7863;c k&eacute;p l&agrave; v&igrave;, th&#7913; nh&#7845;t virus c&oacute; &#7903; kh&#7855;p m&#7885;i n&#417;i, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng l&agrave; c&#7843; ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c v&agrave; v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t. V&igrave; s&#7921; l&acirc;y lan t&#7899;i ch&oacute;ng m&#7863;t c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng, con ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7899;i bi&#7871;t lo s&#7907;, m&#7899;i bi&#7871;t &yacute; th&#7913;c &#273;&#7875; b&#7843;o v&#7879; m&igrave;nh tr&#432;&#7899;c t&aacute;c nh&acirc;n nh&#7887; b&eacute;. Ch&uacute;ng nh&#7887; nh&#432;ng nhi&#7873;u, ch&uacute;ng &#7903; kh&#7855;p m&#7885;i n&#417;i, theo nhi&#7873;u ngh&#297;a. Ch&uacute;ng &#7903; xung quanh ta (&#273;&#7891; v&#7853;t, c&#417; th&#7875;, kh&ocirc;ng kh&iacute;&hellip;), ch&uacute;ng c&ograve;n l&ecirc;n b&agrave;i b&aacute;o, l&ecirc;n truy&#7873;n h&igrave;nh. H&agrave;ng ng&agrave;y, hang gi&#7901;, m&#7885;i tin t&#7913;c v&#7873; SARS-CoV-2 &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7853;p nh&#7853;t li&ecirc;n t&#7909;c kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng, d&ugrave; di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n d&#7883;ch b&#7879;nh v&#7851;n c&ograve;n v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, nh&#7919;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u l&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; &yacute; th&#7913;c h&#7907;n nhi&#7873;u trong vi&#7879;c ph&ograve;ng b&#7879;nh, hi&#7875;u r&otilde; v&#7873; s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a virus, v&#7873; t&aacute;c h&#7841;i c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng v&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute; gi&uacute;p ta c&oacute; th&ecirc;m kinh nghi&#7879;m trong vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7889;i ph&oacute; v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng t&aacute;c nh&acirc;n x&#7845;u t&#7915; t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; s&#7921; nh&uacute;ng tay t&#7915; con ng&#432;&#7901;i. Th&#7913; hai, t&#7841;i sao l&#7841;i l&agrave; &ldquo;k&#7867; gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i&rdquo;, th&#7921;c ra ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&#7889; t&igrave;nh, ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng gi&#7871;t m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch c&oacute; ch&#7911; &#273;&iacute;ch, ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng theo ngh&#297;a m&agrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i hay hi&#7875;u, n&oacute;i m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&agrave; ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng S&#7888;NG. Nh&#432; &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i &#7903; tr&ecirc;n, virus l&agrave; s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m t&#7915; t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, nh&#432;ng kh&aacute;c v&#7899;i sinh v&#7853;t nh&#432; ng&#432;&#7901;i, c&acirc;y, vi khu&#7849;n, ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; di chuy&#7875;n, ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng t&#432;&#417;ng t&aacute;c v&#7899;i nhau, m&#7885;i th&#7913; c&#7845;u t&#7841;o n&ecirc;n virus kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i ph&#7909;c v&#7909; cho m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a ri&ecirc;ng n&oacute;. N&#7871;u gi&#7901; c&oacute; nh&#7901; Thanos b&uacute;ng tay, to&agrave;n b&#7897; virus v&#7851;n t&#7891;n t&#7841;i, v&#7851;n nguy&ecirc;n v&#7865;n v&#7873; &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m v&agrave; h&igrave;nh th&aacute;i c&#7911;a n&oacute;, s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; b&#7845;t k&igrave; thay &#273;&#7893;i n&agrave;o c&oacute; th&#7875; x&#7843;y ra v&#7899;i virus, tr&#7915; khi n&oacute; t&#7899;i t&#7915; ch&iacute;nh t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n.&nbsp; T&ocirc;i n&oacute;i r&#7857;ng virus kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; t&#7921; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n theo h&#432;&#7899;ng t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c ho&#7863;c ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c, v&igrave; t&#7915; tr&#432;&#7899;c t&#7899;i gi&#7901; ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c coi l&agrave; sinh v&#7853;t s&#7889;ng, nh&#432;ng ta ph&#7843;i c&ocirc;ng nh&#7853;n r&#7857;ng ch&uacute;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i v&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7841;o th&agrave;nh nh&#7919;ng d&#7841;ng lai. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, li&#7879;u ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; th&#7875; t&igrave;m hi&#7875;u v&#7873; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n trong khi n&oacute;i v&#7873; c&aacute;c qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh &ldquo;ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a&rdquo; c&#7911;a virus?<figure class="image"><img src="https://vsu.ex-cdn.com/files/longnguyen/2020/01/30/crispr-phage-thumb-s-1200.jpg" alt="K&#7871;t qu&#7843; h&igrave;nh &#7843;nh cho virus"></figure>Virus, t&ugrave;y thu&#7897;c v&agrave;o nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c m&agrave; b&#7841;n h&#7887;i, kh&ocirc;ng s&#7889;ng nh&#432;ng c&oacute; ch&#7913;a m&#7897;t s&#7889; RNA c&#417; b&#7843;n v&agrave; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng t&#7871; b&agrave;o ch&#7911; &#273;&#7875; nh&acirc;n l&ecirc;n b&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch sao ch&eacute;p RNA c&#7911;a virus thay v&igrave; RNA c&#7911;a t&#7871; b&agrave;o. Ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng sinh s&#7843;n h&#7919;u t&iacute;nh v&agrave; t&ocirc;i ch&#432;a nghe n&oacute;i v&#7873; virut lai, ch&uacute;ng s&#7869; c&#7847;n sinh s&#7843;n h&#7919;u t&iacute;nh &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o th&agrave;nh d&#7841;ng lai. Ch&uacute;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7893;i trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh sao ch&eacute;p, sao ch&eacute;p n&agrave;y c&oacute; l&#7895;i v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng l&#7895;i &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n sau &#273;&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c lan truy&#7873;n sang th&#7871; h&#7879; ti&#7871;p theo. N&#7871;u &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n l&agrave;m cho virut y&#7871;u &#7903; nhi&#7879;t &#273;&#7897; th&#7845;p h&#417;n th&igrave; virut ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng k&eacute;m &#7903; nhi&#7879;t &#273;&#7897; th&#7845;p h&#417;n, n&#7871;u m&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n kh&ocirc;ng &#7893;n &#7903; nhi&#7879;t &#273;&#7897; th&#7845;p th&igrave; m&#7897;t b&#7843;n sao b&#7883; &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n s&#7869; "s&#7889;ng" v&agrave; truy&#7873;n gen cho th&#7871; h&#7879; ti&#7871;p theo. B&#7845;t c&#7913; y&#7871;u t&#7889; t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n n&agrave;o c&oacute; th&#7875; h&#7841;n ch&#7871; ho&#7863;c thay &#273;&#7893;i s&#7921; th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng hay c&aacute;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; truy&#7873;n gen cho th&#7871; h&#7879; ti&#7871;p theo c&#7911;a m&#7897;t lo&agrave;i, c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n. T&ocirc;i th&#7921;c s&#7921; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7845;y b&#7845;t k&igrave; l&iacute; do n&agrave;o m&#7897;t virus s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c coi l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng? N&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng "s&#7889;ng" theo h&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c &#273;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a nh&#432;ng n&oacute; v&#7851;n truy&#7873;n gen c&#7911;a n&oacute; qua nhi&#7873;u th&#7871; h&#7879; d&ugrave; ch&uacute;ng trong m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u t&aacute;c nh&acirc;n d&#7877; d&#7851;n t&#7899;i &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n.&#272;&#7875; ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n, ch&uacute;ng c&#7847;n qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh nh&acirc;n &#273;&ocirc;i kh&ocirc;ng ho&agrave;n h&#7843;o v&agrave; m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c. &#272;&oacute; l&agrave; v&igrave;: kh&ocirc;ng ho&agrave;n h&#7843;o n&ecirc;n c&oacute; m&#7897;t s&#7889; bi&#7871;n th&#7875;; v&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; b&#7897; m&aacute;y m&aacute;y sao ch&eacute;p (trong t&#7871; b&agrave;o) ph&#7843;i hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; h&#417;n nh&#7919;ng m&aacute;y kh&aacute;c do c&aacute;c thu&#7897;c t&iacute;nh c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c truy&#7873;n l&#7841;i cho "con &#273;&#7867;" c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng. Virus t&#7841;o b&#7843;n sao c&#7911;a ch&iacute;nh ch&uacute;ng, c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7883; &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n v&agrave; &#7903; trong m&#7897;t m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7921;c k&#7923; ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c. Kh&ocirc;ng quan tr&#7885;ng n&#7871;u ch&uacute;ng c&oacute; ph&#7843;i d&#7841;ng s&#7889;ng hay kh&ocirc;ng. &#272;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n c&#7911;a virus c&oacute; th&#7875; gi&uacute;p ch&uacute;ng "s&#7889;ng s&oacute;t" t&#7889;t h&#417;n trong m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng. Virus c&oacute; &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n th&uacute;c &#273;&#7849;y qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh sinh s&#7843;n s&#7869; sinh s&#7843;n nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n, &nbsp;c&#7843;i thi&#7879;n s&#7921; x&acirc;m nh&#7853;p v&agrave;o c&aacute;c t&#7871; b&agrave;o, &nbsp;t&#259;ng s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng c&aacute;c b&#7897; m&aacute;y t&#7871; b&agrave;o ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p. d&#7851;n t&#7899;i t&#259;ng s&#7921; ph&aacute;t t&aacute;n c&#7911;a virus. &#272;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n cho ph&eacute;p virus tr&#7889;n tr&aacute;nh h&#7879; th&#7889;ng mi&#7877;n d&#7883;ch, b&#7843;o to&agrave;n s&#7921; s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a v&#7853;t ch&#7911;, ho&#7863;c l&agrave;m cho v&#7853;t ch&#7911; ch&#7871;t m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch l&acirc;y lan. &#272;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n l&agrave;m cho virut ch&#7883;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&aacute;c m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng kh&aacute;c nhau, nhi&#7879;t &#273;&#7897;, &#273;&#7897; &#7849;m, h&oacute;a h&#7885;c kh&aacute;c nhau, v.v.&nbsp;Th&ocirc;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7841;n s&#7869; nghe c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c n&oacute;i v&#7873; vi khu&#7849;n kh&aacute;ng kh&aacute;ng sinh xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n khi h&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c vi khu&#7849;n b&ecirc;n c&#7841;nh m&#7897;t s&#7889; &iacute;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c t&#7891;n t&#7841;i. Nh&#7919;ng vi khu&#7849;n &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; s&#7889;ng s&oacute;t do thay &#273;&#7893;i DNA (&#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n) do &#273;&oacute; ch&uacute;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; sinh s&#7843;n tr&#7903; l&#7841;i m&#7913;c ban &#273;&#7847;u nh&#432;ng l&#7847;n n&agrave;y kh&aacute;ng l&#7841;i kh&aacute;ng sinh. V&agrave; l&yacute; do virus kh&ocirc;ng s&#7889;ng l&agrave; v&igrave; ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; b&agrave;o quan ri&ecirc;ng v&agrave; ch&uacute;ng y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u m&aacute;y m&oacute;c t&#7871; b&agrave;o c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng ta th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c. C&aacute;c vect&#417; virus (lo&#7841;i virus &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho l&agrave; c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng b&#7903;i c&aacute;c nh&agrave; sinh h&#7885;c ph&acirc;n t&#7917; &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#432;a v&#7853;t li&#7879;u di truy&#7873;n v&agrave;o t&#7871; b&agrave;o) th&#432;&#7901;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i DNA / RNA nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh c&#7897;ng v&#7899;i m&#7897;t s&#7889; protein m&agrave; ch&uacute;ng ch&egrave;n v&agrave;o t&#7871; b&agrave;o &#273;&#7875; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879;c. N&#7871;u c&aacute;c protein n&agrave;y &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n, n&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; khi&#7871;n c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p d&ugrave;ng thu&#7889;c kh&ocirc;ng hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; v&agrave; ch&uacute;ng ta s&#7869; ph&#7843;i b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u l&#7841;i qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ch&#7871; t&#7841;o v&#7855;c-xin. &#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; l&yacute; do t&#7841;i sao ch&uacute;ng ta h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c t&#7841;o ra c&aacute;c kh&aacute;ng th&#7875; v&agrave;o c&aacute;c v&ugrave;ng c&#7911;a vect&#417; virus l&agrave; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t &#273;&#7875; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng ho&#7863;c c&aacute;c khu v&#7921;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7843;o t&#7891;n cao (kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n). Th&#7853;m ch&iacute; ch&uacute;ng ta c&#361;ng ph&#7843;i li&ecirc;n t&#7909;c t&#7841;o ra c&aacute;c phi&ecirc;n b&#7843;n s&#7917;a &#273;&#7893;i kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a v&#7855;c-xin.&nbsp;</body></html>

Vu Hiep

Câu hỏi này được đề ra trong thời kì khủng hoảng của bão Covid19. Nhắc tới dịch bệnh, là nhắc tới virus, một “kẻ giết người” “không âm thầm”. Lí 

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